In September 2023, the US Fish and Wildlife Service and the Turner organisation entered into a Safe Harbor Agreement to clear the way for releasing captive tortoises onto the Armendaris Ranch. ^[1] Nearly two dozen tortoises, including 20 adults, were released onto the 560-square-mile Armendaris Ranch in September 2023 to establish a free-living population. ^[2] Since 2006, work at the Turner ranch and the Living Desert Zoo and Gardens in Carlsbad has produced more than 400 hatchlings, growing the captive population to roughly 800 tortoises. ^[3] Ted Turner bought the Flying D Ranch in Montana, between the Gallatin and Madison rivers south of Bozeman, in 1989 for around $21 million. ^[4] The Flying D Ranch now supports about 4,500 bison, according to the Turner Institute of Ecoagriculture, and more than 5,000 acres of former cropland have been restored to grazing land. ^[5] A Montana study found that streams in bison pastures gained perennial grass and forb cover, shrubs, and woody vegetation faster than streams in seasonally grazed cattle pastures, and that cattle were detected within streams more often than bison. ^[6]