NASA reported on September 1, 2026, that forest and land fires in Indonesia are difficult to extinguish because they burn at low temperatures within thick peat deposits. ^[1] In 2015, Indonesia's fires released 1.75 billion tons of greenhouse gas equivalents, a figure that the 2026 fires have reached only 10 percent of as of September 2. ^[2] Robert Field, a Columbia University researcher, stated that fire activity in Indonesia is tracking sharply upward in 2026, similar to the extreme levels seen in 2015. ^[3] The Indonesian meteorological agency reported that about 90 percent of the country received little to no rainfall in early August 2026. ^[4] Tropical peatland fires in Indonesia generate three times more fine particulate matter than other tropical forest fires, five times more sulfur dioxide, three times more organic carbon, and two times more methane and carbon monoxide. ^[5] Indonesia is the host of 36 percent of the total tropical peatlands in the world, creating a significant challenge for fire management. ^[6] The current climate pattern, assessed by NOAA satellites in August, typically triggers a sharp reduction in rainfall in Indonesia, contributing to the fire risk. ^[7]